During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was "the most powerful institution to be found anywhere in Europe.... The once all-powerful Catholic Church not only lost power within religion but was also deprived of its abundant wealth, control over European politics, and its influence over society was reduced. ... (Duggan 2014) Another important source of the Church's income during the Middle Ages was taxes collected from rulers and peasants, the most common of which are annates. ... The Catholic Church experienced a serious decline in its political power and control over European na...

• Word Count: 1465
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Seen as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the modern era, The Renaissance also marked a cognitive shift from a religious perspective to a more intellectual and social focus. ... Western Europe had been unified by one Church during the Middle Ages, which was controlled in the ancient city of Rome. ... As previously mentioned, art and learning during the Middle Ages were centered on the church and religion. ... These individuals also purchased and collected artwork in a culture where the economy was much better than during the Middle Ages. ... Giotto di Bondone most regarded as Giotto (1266/7...

• Word Count: 2474
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In a period when political and religious ideas were enmeshed and differences entrenched, the ascension of a Protestant Queen to a religiously confused nation was precarious. ... In order to gauge how severe the threat of Catholicism was, it is necessary to consider the perceived threat (and who shaped this perception), the political power enjoyed by Catholics, the challenges from international Catholic powers such as Spain and France, the threat posed by Mary Stuart and the public's reaction to Protestant changes. ... After the extremes of the two previous reigns, Mary (Catholic) and Ed...

• Word Count: 2170
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If one were to gaze upon the statue of "David" by Michelangelo (1475-1564), they would notice the high esteem in which the human body was portrayed. ... In 1368 Petrarch wrote De sui ipsius et multorum ignorantia (On his own ignorance and that of many others), which became a significant example of the contrast of humanism of the Renaissance to scholasticism of the Middle Ages. ... Petrarch urged others to awaken from the darkness "of the Middle Ages and move forward out of "the slumber of forgetfulness into the pure radiance of the past" (Humanism 1). ... At first, the humanists fervently defe...

• Word Count: 2321
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

., (4) the Albigensians of Southern France and Spain in the early Middle Ages, (5) the Italian scholastic philosopher Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century A.D., (6) the Jansenists of France in the 17th century, and (7) the Puritans in England and its American colonies during the 16th and 17th centuries. ... He compulsively categorized such phenomena, and high on his list was sensual pleasure. ... In fact, the Romans regarded Jesus as an anarchist whose political message, powerful ability to attract followers, and increasing popularity threatened their ability to maintain a tightly regulat...

• Word Count: 2074
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Germany's only problem is with its current environmental plight; coal burning power plants are polluting the air and causing acid rain, nuclear power plants are thermally polluting the rivers in the country, and raw sewage is being dumped into the Baltic Sea. ... Anti-foreigner sentiment is high with the right-of-center Christian Democratic Union, the dominating political party in Germany, but it seems pragmatism will prevail and the legislation will pass regardless. ... Even with 86 million people living in Germany and it being right in the middle of Europe its population is not very div...

• Word Count: 2423
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The period is more or less considered as playing out what had been set up in the later Middle Ages. ... It was during this time that Europe was busy pulling herself out of the economic stagnation of the Middle Ages. ... Of all the practices of Renaissance Europe, nothing is used to distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages more than humanism as both a program and a philosophy. ... During the Middle Ages, painters and sculptors tried to give their works a spiritual quality, wanting their audience to focus on the deep religious meaning of their works of art. ... Renaissance writers wa...

• Word Count: 1970
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Along with parliament's attempt to open the leadership of the Prussian army to the middle class, what was taking place in Prussia at this time was essentially an attempt by the parliament to assert itself against the power of the monarchy and the army, and gather more power for itself. ... Wilhelm held out until 1862, at the moment when his ministers were willing to give in to parliament's demand to open the officer corps to the middle class. ... It taught that service to the state and to the appointed ruler was a high religious duty. ... As the man responsible for domestic policy...

• Word Count: 10254
• Approx Pages: 41
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He may be acting upon a purse offered by the church, and only undertaking the campaign for his own financial gain. ... As the church had an influence, the speakers of God, then he must be fighting with God on his side. ... The chorus at the beginning of Act four states that "A little touch of Harry in the night" has kept the men's spirits up, Henry has visited the men and tried to keep their morale high. ... Hal's action in ignoring and basically forgetting about Falstaff is monstrous, but it also is the only option open to him to cement his power, what are the alternatives? If he...

• Word Count: 3298
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

No soul dared to threaten the authority of king or church as those who did might be tortured or burned at the stake. ... Mimicking the scientists" curiosity, philosophers questioned the basic workings of government and society and in doing so gave rise to the Age of Enlightment. ... In fact, philosophy became a practical method of social and political persuasion. ... The middle-class merchants and farmers resisted paying their taxes, while the poor rioted against these landlords and the insufferable high costs of living that they were subject to. ... They rejected the church's strict cons...

• Word Count: 3737
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Young people who were frustrated and bored, dissatisfied with they perceived as an idealist hippie culture, the corruption and prejudiced authority of police, the government, the church, the education system, the social welfare system, and pretty much every system, invented a new, entirely original scene of dissidence, angst, and rebellious philosophy. ... The concept of anarchy is central to political discourse within the punk underground. ... "We remember, in particular, one middle-aged lady from Westchester who almost blew her cookies when she was confronted by one of the clothes pin fetish...

• Word Count: 3241
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However scheduling of sport in contemporary times is generally unrelated to the church or religious events. ... It is widely accepted that entrepreneurs and the church provided opportunities for sporting participation, for example Aston Villa originated as a church team, and according to this theory, these provisions were made for philanthropic reasons. ... Similarly in these industrial areas, large sums had been invested into commercial ventures and with the high population density, raucous behaviour posed the threat of capital damage. ... The church played its own coercive part in this p...

• Word Count: 4880
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Most middle-class families attempted to adhere to the so-called Victorian sexual ideals of the day. ... In other words, a new ideology of sexual restraint became prevalent among middle-class Americans. ... This fluctuation of the mass-produced goods fostered a shift in middle-class values. ... Instead of the family-based or church-based diversions of the past, unescorted youths frequented amusement parks, movie theaters, and dance halls. ... Economic affluence gave the middle class more leisure time and more money to spend on consumer goods, luxury items, and entertainment. ...

• Word Count: 2720
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Public Olympic Authority (APO), an extra governmental organization has the power of allocating 15 million dollars to improve the infrastructure of Brazil. ... Security of the country Ecological conversation Education developments Brazil economy is growing although it continues to show a high level of income inequality. ... The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, headed by the president and advised by a cabinet. The legislative power is in hand of the National Congress, a two-chamber organ consisting of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. ... When it com...

• Word Count: 2783
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Beginning piano study with Johann Gottfried Kuntzsch at the young age of six, Robert almost immediately started writing music; with his father's encouragement, he began composing small pieces at the age of seven. ... After Schumann finished his high school studies, his mother sent him to the University of Leipzig for law study. ... Even the sun, which had hidden his face for many days, shed his warm beams upon us as we drove to church, as if to bless our union. ...

• Word Count: 4114
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Beginning piano study with Johann Gottfried Kuntzsch at the young age of six, Robert almost immediately started writing music; with his father's encouragement, he began composing small pieces at the age of seven. ... After Schumann finished his high school studies, his mother sent him to the University of Leipzig for law study. ... Even the sun, which had hidden his face for many days, shed his warm beams upon us as we drove to church, as if to bless our union. ...

• Word Count: 4114
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate