Clashes between them and border farmers took place and by the end of 1779, many farmers have abandoned their farms on the Fish and Bushmans rivers. After two farmers' commandoes were organised in 1779 and 1780 to follow the Xhosa into their own country, Adriaan van Jaarsveld were instructed to implement the establishment of the eastern border of the Colony (Greater Fish and Bushman's Rivers) by enforcing a relocation of all Xhosa chiefdoms living to the west of the Greater Fish River. ... The Second Frontier War in 1790 begun as commandos of the Graaff-Reinet area forced the Xhosa ch...

• Word Count: 1578
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Some Sri Lankans even used a deathbed conversion in order to gain the privilege of an inheritance for their children or as a method of pardon from crimes that they had committed such as murder or robbery. ... If a man resisted conversion to Christianity, a common punishment was to be fed to crocodiles in the river. (2) The laws of Portuguese occupation also stated that "all heathen places of worship in Portuguese controlled areas should be demolished", resulting in the destruction of many centuries' worth of architecture in both the Sinhalese (Buddhist) capital of Kandy in the ...

• Word Count: 1990
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A whole subcontinent was picked up without half trying Images of the British raj in India are everywhere of late. On television reruns, the divided rulers of Paul Scott's Jewel in the Crown sip their tea in scented hill stations and swap idle gossip in the palaces of local princes. At movie houses, we can savor all the hot intensities that blast a decorous English visitor the moment she steps ashore after A Passage to India, to be engulfed in a whirlwind of mendicants, elephants, snake charmers and crowds. In New York, British director Peter Brook's nine-hour production of an ancien...

• Word Count: 5127
• Approx Pages: 21
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction Derek Walcott's "A Far Cry from Africa," published in 1962, is a painful and jarring depiction of ethnic conflict and divided loyalties. The opening images of the poem are drawn from accounts of the Mau Mau Uprising, an extended and bloody battle during the 1950s between European settlers and the native Kikuyu tribe in what is now the republic of Kenya. In the early twentieth century, the first white settlers arrived in the region, forcing the Kikuyu people off of their tribal lands. Europeans took control of farmland and the government, relegating the Kikuyu to a ...

• Word Count: 4862
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate