Prior to the work of Mahgerefteh and Atti (2006), a lot of work had a ready been started that employed vigorous mathematical simulation on the basis of method characteristics for accurately stimulating the resulting outflow after rupture of a pipeline (Mahgerefteh et al., 1997, 2000, Zucrow, 1976; Oke et al., 2003). ... The overarching theory and crucial validation of this fluid/structure fracture model (FSFM) is excellently covered in Mahgerefteh et al., (2010) and Mahgerefteh et al., (2011). This model involved the use of Drop Weight Tear Test energy fracture model with Mahgerefteh et al.,...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These results are important as a decrease in blood flow to an area has been linked with the development of pressure ulcers (Kallman et al., 2012). ... Additionally the Kallman et al. (2012) findings found that supine position resulted in an increase of blood flow in comparison to all other positions. ... In contrast to these previous findings, Still et al. (2013) results indicate that two hourly repositioning regimes decrease the prevalence of pressure ulcers. ... Before the repositioning team was implemented a total of forty two pressure ulcers were reported in 278 patients (Still et al., 201...

• Word Count: 1385
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Extended research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). ... Past research has shown that finger length is associated to prenatal androgen exposure that results in men having longer ring fingers than women (Manning et al. 1998). ... They found that femme lesbians showed more jealousy to physically attractive rival and also sought financial resources from partner (Bassett et al. 2001). Personal dating ads ...

• Word Count: 1702
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). ... Therefore, today evidenced-based practice requires careful consideration of socio-cultural differences in the classification and treatment of people with mental disorders (Regier et al., 2013). ... Information regarding differences between cultures symptom expression, has also been expanded upon – only for some of the disorders – and this is acknowledging that there are different syndromes that are releva...

• Word Count: 2238
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Categories of mental disorders are based on observable, phenotypic features rather than etiologies and neurobiological factors (Brown & Barlow, 2009; Watson, 2005). ... While the DSM of mood and anxiety disorders hold great reliability (Brown & Barlow, 2009), the current categorical grouping lacks empirical evidence based on validity. ... There was still diagnostic disagreement based on the current categorical system (Brown & Barlow, 2009). ... However, when you remove this exclusion rule, the rate of comorbidity between two disorders was 90% (Brown & Barlow, 2009). ... PTSD, MDD, DYS ...

• Word Count: 2163
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). ... Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). ... For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). ... In fact, Brown (1996) stated that ...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). ... Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). ... For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). ... In fact, Brown (1996) stated that ...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Ecological tipping points are very hard to predict because their approach may be accompanied by slow changes in contrast to the fast, extreme changes that occur when a tipping point is reached (Jordan et al., 2007). ... Presently during summertime, warming of Greenland and shrinkage of the Greenland ice sheets contributed an estimated 1.9–3.0 m to sea level, although a widespread ice cap remained (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006). Broadly consistent with this, future projections suggest a GIS threshold for negative surface mass balance resides at 3°C local warming (above preindustrial) (Lent...

• Word Count: 2460
• Approx Pages: 10
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Brown (2008) even more pointed in her article on the concept of the burden of alzheimer's stated that "one of the greatest costs of AD can be the physical and emotional toll on family members, caregivers, and friends of people with the disease. ... " Physical and Psychological Burden The research of Akpinar et al. (2011), and Kaufer et al. (2005) implies that reported effects on physical health for families of person's with Alzheimer's disease includes high blood pressure, poor self-care, lack of sleep and exercise. ... The research of Hutchison (2010), and Kaufer et ...

• Word Count: 1955
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Caffrey, et al, 2003:282) Pain can also be categorised in regard to a pathophysiological cause: nociceptive as somatic or visceral and neuropathic pain. ... (Brown 2005: 133). ... (Brown, 2005:133) Pain generally starts with a physical event such as a cut or burn. ... Some common presentations of children in hospital are procedure-related pain and abdominal pain which most of the time fall into the acute pain category (Schechter et al, 2003). ... Furthermore, pain can be described as a multidimensional experience which needs to be confronted with a holistic multidisciplinary approach (Sc...

• Word Count: 1516
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Some of these emissions are also known to be changing the earth's climate (Gurjar et al., 2005). ... - N2 + O2 2NO Once in the atmosphere, nitric oxide reacts with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) a red-brown, toxic gas that causes irritation to the eyes and the respiratory system. ... (Gurjar et al., 2010) - S + O2 SO2 The main source of sulfur dioxide is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur; a major example is the generation of electricity from coal and mining of coal. ... VOCs react...

• Word Count: 2264
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Steinberg: 208) Another possible reason is offered by Flege (Theo Bongaerts et al, 1997) that "one of the main cause of foreign accents is the increasing tendency of L2 learners, once they have established the phonetic categories for their L1, to perceive L2 sound in terms of those categories. ... (Brown: 54) To put it in another way, "while you are young, at an age at which the pattern and rules of your native language are still comparatively new to you, the interference that comes form the rules of the native language is likely to be small. ... (Brown: 116) While the motivation of classroom...

• Word Count: 1663
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Daniels et al. v. The City of New York et al. (1999) was brought to the Center for Constitutional Rights in the wake of the Diallo shooting and the City agreed to a settlement on December 12, 2003. ... Now that this issue is receiving nationwide coverage following the tragic shooting deaths of unarmed, young African American men Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown by police officers, the public opinion and overall mood of the country has shifted further away from the support of the police. ...

• Word Count: 1704
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmed Discrimination The phrase affirmative action was first used by John F. Kennedy in the context of racial discrimination in 1961, however the phrase today conveys a different message then in 1961. The reason for this difference, lies in the courts. Over the past several decades the Sup...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As the world is technologically more powerful, the need of marketing, advertising and competition are also increasing (Vahabzadeh et al, 2013). ... (Naini et al, 2012) As a result, it has managed to differentiate itself from its competitors and distinctively positioned its brand in consumers' minds. ... Based on Brand Pyramid model, which was originally created in in the mid-1990s by Millward Brown, a global marketing research and consulting firm, Dove currently ranks towards the top of the pyramid, with increased loyalty and high levels of revenue potential. ...

• Word Count: 1467
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The relationship between state and nation is important, a state is "generally recognized by other countries as possessing legal sovereignty over what happens in its territory, being responsible for the institutions of government, who both formulate and enforce the laws of the state, and are responsible for its security and protection" (Brown 1995: 10). ... Brown, S (1995) New forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics. ... "Who we are and what we do is no longer given to us by tradition; instead each individual faces the challenge of combining personal autonomy with an ongoing sense ...

• Word Count: 1928
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For many student-athletes the time they put into a sport is comparable to having a 30-40 hour a week job (Brown, Glastetter-Fender &ump; Shelton, 2000; Schroeder, 2000; Simons, Van Rheenen &ump; Covington, 1999). ... For instance, topics related to identity development, career development and maturity, identity foreclosure, team development and socialization, and retirement of student-athletes (Brown, Glastetter-Fender & Shelton, 2000; Murphy, Petitpas, &; Brewer,1996; Parham, 1993). ... According to Brewer et al. (1993) as college students mature and experience other college activities their ...

• Word Count: 2468
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For examples if I was to do a test of intelligence based on eye color blue eyed people are more intelligent than brown eyed people would certainly be reliable, because eye color doesn't change, but it would not be very valid, because IQ and eye color have little to do with each other. ... (American Educational Research Association et al., 1999, p.111) There are three reflections discussed in the article to director the selection of a nonverbal IQ measure. ...

• Word Count: 1296
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Similarly, in referring specifically to pronunciation instruction, Brown has pointed out that "the ELT teacher () must often decide which features of language, on the one hand, are important and therefore merit precious class time and which, on the other hand, are relatively unimportant and may be overlooked until a more advanced stage" (Brown, 1988: 593). ...

• Word Count: 2008
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This paved the way for our world to move into the information age carrying forward a new wave of hope that implementing information systems would bring cumulative impacts to the way they communicate and operate, or Brown & Duguid said "to transform the dinosaurs of the industrial age into phoenixes for digital age". ... Network of Practice Community of Practice (CoP) are groups of people that share a common interest, a concern, a set of problems or a passion about a topic (Wenger 1998; Wenger et al.2002), for example, people that working on the same project who share knowledge on a problem ...

• Word Count: 1811
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Socio-political issues such as gay rights, sexuality and racism can also be explored through music, and "as [ ] music [ ] carries such great potency as a venue for political expression" (Brown 2008, p.10), it can be used as a tool to inform an audience, rally an audience to support or oppose an issue, and in some cases, be used used to apply pressure to organizations with opposing views. ...

• Word Count: 1845
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

We have now considered in some detail the way in which infants develop strong attachment bonds towards the end of the first year of life. Bowlby believes that it is essential for infants and young children to experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with their mother or permanent mother substitute. What outcomes, then, can we expect if the child suffers some interruption in this relationship? This may be temporarily, for example as a result of hospitalisation or being placed in the care of the Local Authority on either a short of long term basis, or even a permanent interruption...

• Word Count: 2290
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate