If the offender agreed to enter the study, they were given a date to be interviewed, two months after the start of their probation. ... The probationer would ask about the criminal activities the year before arrest, using a monthly calendar to help establish better time frames. ... The second interview was given six months after the first, eight months after initial start of probation. ... Finally, all of the information was gathered from the interviews and the PO's reports and the researchers put together charts showing the history of the offender's criminal activity, starting a ...

• Word Count: 646
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Aboriginal customary laws, before white settlement in 1788, were considered primitive by the British, if considered at all. ... The roots of Australian laws are similar to traditional Aboriginal laws, dating back to before the Norman Conquest in 1066, where each separate village had their own laws developed to their own customs. This changed however, after a centralized legal system was established after 1066. ...

• Word Count: 614
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations statistics, youth crime started to rise after 1974 through the early 1980's. ... Three consistent ways have been through pre-detention mediation (a chance to be held accountable for their actions by facing their victims), detention mediation (a chance to act out the setting and tone of their crime in all roles for help to understand what they did was wrong), and post-detention mediation (a.k.a. parent-child mediation that helps family communication after they are placed back into their parent's homes). ... Think of whe...

• Word Count: 753
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These government institutions are charged by law with dispensing fair, equal justice to all who come before them, maintaining the rule of law in society beset by racial and social injustice and conflict, deterring crime and treating both offenders and victims in a just even handed manner. ... After the civil war, frontier towns set up "vigilance committees" and asked their vigilantes to deep order an d go after badman. ... Although the criminal court system is founded on the concept of equality before the law, poor and wealthy citizens unquestionably receive different treatment when th...

• Word Count: 2061
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is only a matter of time before this will affect Hmong, Mien, Lao and Viet Communities. ... In addition, many spent months, sometimes years, in INS detention after completing their sentence without any criminal charges against them simply because they could not be deported. ... Many young people facing deportation would not be facing this deportation situation before the law was changed in 1996. In addition, the US put more pressure on Cambodia to sign this secretly negotiated agreement after the events of September 11, which increased the level of anti-immigrant backlash. ...

• Word Count: 663
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Ironically, the men's plot was uncovered after an FBI confidential informant received a traffic ticket and tried to have it erased in exchange for payment. ... After investigating, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and additional officers from the Police Department's Internal Affairs Bureau arrested the men in their homes before sunrise (Rashbaum). ...

• Word Count: 837
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Guy Turcotte, a father of two kids went from practicing cardiology at the hospital Hotel-Dieu of Saint-Jerome to a premidited killer by stabbing his children to death in February 2009 before attempting to end his life by drinking a large amount of windshield washer. He first faces justice with his trial in 2011, where he openly admits the killing of both his children by stabbing, where he is implied to follow psychiatric help after being judged mentally ill by the court. ... Homolka and her husband at the time, Paul Bernardo, was a couple of serial killers who filmed themselves raping their v...

• Word Count: 1255
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Another weakness was that the social bond theory does not elaborate why, after their bonds are weakened, do some people become criminals while others do not. ... By providing these necessary building blocks for parents this will decrease criminal behavior before it has a chance to manifest. ... After the bond and trust is build, learning can begin. ... Before Mary was born, the home visitor would have educated Bell's mother with the proper bonding techniques needed to provide a healthy relationship. ... By providing a solution before the problem crime would be decreased tremendously....

• Word Count: 1397
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After a surge of food-related scandals surfaced in China recently, the country's highest court ordered judges across the nation to impose harsher sentences in food-related cases, including the death penalty. ... Before this surge in cases, government had cracked down on food safety violations, backed by a state media campaign. ... Interestingly, the Supreme People's Court's order to deliver harsher punishments to food safety criminals comes just after they announced another initiative to limit the use of the death penalty. ...

• Word Count: 519
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This would seem like a victory for advocates against keeping DNA databases, however, samples that could potentially enable police to catch a criminal can only be kept for 6 months before being destroyed. ... Once an individual is in the system they stay in the system even if they are proven innocent of a crime after already spending time in jail. Such as in the case of Donald Reynolds and Billy Wardell, who were convicted of rape in the state of Illinois but were proven innocent after 11 years in jail. ...

• Word Count: 546
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A phone-in poll conducted in January 1986 by a Sydney TV station shortly after a particularly gruesome sex-murder received over 48 000 calls. ... The following table shows that of the major Australian states, only South Australia experienced any sudden increase in murder or manslaughter convictions in the five years after abolition compared to the five years before, yet a detailed report on homicide published in 1981 by the South Australian Office of Crime Statistics showed that abolition of the death penalty had no effect on homicide trends in that state. (Source: Wallace, Alison (1986),...

• Word Count: 2841
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Specifically Michael Brelo, one of the Cleveland officers involved in this cruel shooting, fired 49 rounds after he had climbed onto the hood of the car Russell was driving. ... This shows that the officers failed to ascertain whether it was truly gunshots before launching the car hunt. The radio call that was placed was that for "shots fired", and this happened even before it was confirmed beyond doubt that gun shots had indeed been fired. ... The command system at the police headquarters was not strong enough because it engaged in falsehood and did not bother to substantiate inform...

• Word Count: 1267
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In Wilber Rideau's "Why Prisons Don't Work" he argues that prisons have little to no effect on crime because "it is a response after the fact, a mop-up operation.... Furthermore, he claims that young men are mostly the ones committing these harsh crimes, and after fifteen to thirty years in prison, are seen as little to no risk to society. ... If criminals were to be in the right mind before they were about to do something illegal, they would not commit the crime. ... After they're let free, they end up committing more crime and have a lessened chance of getting c...

• Word Count: 1475
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After careful consideration and research, my answer is no, they should not be subject to capital punishment. ... If the punishment were to be carried out within a few years instead of the average of 10 to 20 years after the trial, criminals would be wearier of committing such a crime. ... Before following through with murder, proponents rely on the capability of a murderer to stop, think about the consequences, and weigh his or her options. ... After efforts of rehabilitation have failed and the child has murdered, he or she is proven to have no conscience and be beyond rehabilitation and ...

• Word Count: 2096
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This decision was made just two days before Ryan's term as governor of Illinois was up, sparking much controversy. ... Since 1973, 102 prisoners have been released from death row in the United States after evidence emerged of their innocence of the crimes for which they were sentenced to death. Some had come close to execution after spending many years under sentence of death. ... Some suggest that persons convicted of capital murder should serve a minimum of 25 years in prison before the possibility of consideration for parole, but in certain cases imprisonment for life with no possibili...

• Word Count: 1346
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If the court always gives the teenage murders extremely strict sentences, the juveniles will have more chances calming down before they shoot somebody. ... To illustrate, after eliminating the death penalty, South America's homicides increase from 1000 to 3000. ... In addition, opponents' first argument is also invalid because some juvenile criminals repeat their offences after being relieved from prison, and education doesn't work well on them. ... If every teenager knows the strict result of murder, they will consider for a longer time before they do something illegal in the ...

• Word Count: 976
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Some people seem to think that the 90's laws are too tough. 12-year-old Polly Klaas was abducted from her California home and murdered by a twice-convicted kidnapper who was released on parole after serving half a 16-year prison sentence. ... These are crimes that have been committed time after time by repeat offenders who don't do all of their time in prison or either they are not prosecuted. ... The issue before the Supreme Court is whether some three-strikes sentencing laws result in cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th Amendment, which says, "Excessive bail shall ...

• Word Count: 2028
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

We look upon them to make the world a better place and progress as those before us have. ... Those 40 million kids will one day be in charge of our country and teach those that come after us. ... If it were up to me the research would be done in three simple steps: survey, monitor and activity and before and after. ... Surveys can be done in a variety of ways but are always great when trying to collect data and gather research before you can start anything else. ... After looking at all 19 effective programs, I chose 3 that seemed to have the most success in helping these struggling juvenile d...

• Word Count: 2154
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

We look upon them to make the world a better place and progress as those before us have. ... Those 40 million kids will one day be in charge of our country and teach those that come after us. ... If it were up to me the research would be done in three simple steps: survey, monitor and activity and before and after. ... Surveys can be done in a variety of ways but are always great when trying to collect data and gather research before you can start anything else. ... After looking at all 19 effective programs, I chose 3 that seemed to have the most success in helping these struggling juvenile d...

• Word Count: 2153
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

On January 28, 2011, 13 years after the execution, Xu Rong zhou admitted to the prosecutor that he had been responsible for the crime. ... Dennis McGuire, murderer from Ohio, suffered a prolonged execution by being injected lethal drugs, which cause undue agony and terror before his death. What even worse, it took 25 minutes for McGuire to die after the injection. ...

• Word Count: 788
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Our country is in mourning after the pointless and unnecessary deaths of helpless pedestrians on Irish roads. ... The answer lies, according to Kennedy in addressing the fundamental causes before we set upon the larger problem. ...

• Word Count: 527
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The incarceration of pregnant women should focus not only on the inmates unique physical and mental needs during their pregnancy but their status as mothers after the child is born-and most crucial the children themselves who are severed from their mothers. ... According to the 1996 National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) study pregnant incarcerated women also noted that there was, A lack of adequate prenatal and postnatal medical care (obstetrics), lack of prenatal nutrition, lack of adequate levels of methadone maintenance for opiate-dependent pregnant inmates, inadequate educat...

• Word Count: 1373
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After the establishing of the death penalty, it spread all over America and developed many different ways of receiving the death penalty. ... Were they really insane before or just insane while in trial? ... After his execution, his lawyers said "The media will focus on the 'nazi' propaganda of the prosecution...the truth is [Spisak] was seriously mentally ill and committed the crimes because of this mental illness, not because of hate,"" Spisak was someone who suffered from insanity, but it was too late to change the verdict on his death penalty or not. ... He always claimed hi...

• Word Count: 1695
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Specifically in the case of Aboriginal offenders, Aboriginal peoples backgrounds such as history regarding residential schools, child welfare removal, physical or sexual abuse, and underlying developmental or health issues such as anxiety and/or abuse should be taken into account before the courts when it comes to appropriate sentencing. (Nwac.ca, 2013) The court system applies this to all offenders equally and considers the offenders cultural values and norms before sentencing them. In the Criminal Code of Canada, in the year 1996, Gladue was recognized in section 718.2 so that when sentencin...

• Word Count: 1872
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The origins of racial profiling can be dated back to the Reconstruction in the South, after the end of slavery. ... In court, the law enforcement agent engaged in racial profiling and their supervisory authority must appear before a judge and pay all Attorneys" fees. ... The departments can independently become aware of the consequences and come up with their own policies and procedures to deal with the problem of racial profiling before the court system is involved. ...

• Word Count: 1146
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate