He thought that his standards were in the interest of everyone as a whole, and that they were the perfect form to follow in developing a strong government. ... If it wasn't for the people, then there truly wouldn't be any censors on governors; so to try and deprive the people of their residuary mass of right to their own self-government would be shameful. ... Everything basically came down to the idea of an agrarian republic; the view was that if the government was agricultural then there was no possible way that it could become as corrupt and morally inept as the dreaded European so...

• Word Count: 491
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Unlike Descartes, Locke claimed that innate ideas were practically non-existent. ... "No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience." ... Through this process these ideas then become experiences, which are thereafter available to us as memories, which the brain can then consult and use to aid learning and contribute to knowledge. ... In a similar approach, Locke argued that we have no innate moral or practical principles, for there is no universal agreement about such principles. ... Locke advanced this theory that knowledge extends no further than our ideas, and expressed that k...

• Word Count: 2949
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

What is real needs to be understood, and if one can not understand something, then it is not reality to that person. ... Many examples are given by Suckiel to show us how there are so many ways for one object to be viewed. ... The point I think I"m trying to make is that in the above example the paint is still the same paint no matter where it goes and no matter what form it is in, however, depending on who is looking at it, the paint can take on many different "forms." ... With the metaphysical point of view there are not even objects at all, but only pure experiences. ... If the metap...

• Word Count: 976
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Freud argued that parapraxes were those things which were commonly referred to as mistakes, but were actually the manifestation of subconscious truths and intentions. There are many different types of parapraxes, but the type we are most familiar with are misspeakings, or slips of the tongue. ... A good therapist picks up on this and is then ready to ask the right questions to further help the patient. The act of forgetting, Freud says, is in many ways like the act of repression; in repression, one either intentional or subconsciously forgets something as a defense mechanism, because the...

• Word Count: 490
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These questions have intrigued philosophers for centuries, but thankfully there were two individuals who understood human behavior. ... According to Freud, there are three levels of awareness, they consist of the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. ... Then when it comes to the conscious mind it is the part of the mind that contains all the things we are aware of. ... Unlike Freud, Skinner made no provision for internal personality structures like Freud did. ... There are four different kinds of reinforcements and they are positive, negative, extinction and punishment. ...

• Word Count: 2180
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Until the 1840s there was no Bulgarian national culture. ... Into the mind of the then reading public, fiction inevitably came as a subgenre of (fact-oriented) nonfiction: a story was a true story or no story at all. Quite symptomatically, among the four or five fiction titles of the decade there were two translations of Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe". ... There were also bits of cultural information and, quite often, anecdotes about Englishmen and their strange, ridiculous ways. ... Small wonder, then, that the British authors who enjoyed the greatest popularity among Bulgarians were a...

• Word Count: 1720
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Descartes then recognizes that everything he knows, he has come to know through the senses. ... Descartes then argues that although his senses may deceive him sometimes, this is not sufficient evidence to doubt all of his sensory beliefs. ... The Meditator realizes that while he is asleep and dreaming, he perceives objects with the same sense of reality as if he were awake. ... The Mediator argues, "Now how do I know that he has not brought it about that there is no earth at all, no heavens, no extended things, no shape, no magnitude, no place-and yet that all these things appear to me...

• Word Count: 1233
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Tolstoy, in religious fervor, determined that, because one believes in God, there is no need to fear the confusing world. ... He believed that there are two types of knowledge: relative and absolute. ... There is no interpretation involved in intuiting because all points of reference are meaningless when the object is in you and you are in the object. ... He felt that if we only allow one name for things then we eliminate all of the existing possibilities. ... He thought that there was no reason behind what happens and held forth that they could happen any other way. ...

• Word Count: 931
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The belief that immaterial things do not exist, lead to believe that there is no God. ... (c) The exclusion thesis: There are no powers or properties of the mind that no physical object or system can possess."" ... There is a stimulus and then a response, which includes changes in brain states, etc, which then causes changes within an organism. ... "There is no such things as non-reductive materialism: It is merely a myth. ... Therefore there is no interaction. ...

• Word Count: 1640
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Likewise Morgan asserts that the other navigation acts were unobtrusive as well but the truth of the matter is that eventually there had to be a straw that would break the camels back. ... "(71) Started by the taxes, there sprung up the beginnings of a united social consciousness and the idea of what the role and rule of government should be to these people because clearly continuing under a governmental tyranny that would not even take an "Olive Branch" (69) when offered was no longer an option. ... Morgan here brings up a very good question or shall I say argument, "were the colonists sincer...

• Word Count: 1052
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After living in Paris, Descartes studied and then received a degree in law from University of Poitiers in 1616. ... Like authority though, Descartes discards the senses as a source of truth because of the "Dream Argument" or the belief that based on the senses there is no definite way of proving that you are dreaming or that you are awake. ... Descartes feels that the two, mind and matter, are in completely different arenas, both of which were created by God. ... Thus, if accurately comprehended, no conflict should arise between science and religion. ... Descartes mind and soul was then prote...

• Word Count: 1700
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There is a saying that " what we see in others reflects how we see ourselves". ... I was trying to give a scientific ground to the matters that were dealt before only by philosophers. ... There was also a lot of political turmoil going on, such as the First World War and the Communist Revolution. ... Such point of view leaves no room for any noble strivings of a human soul. ... In the development of the human brain there are certain critical periods when particular parts of the brain are very plastic to change (for example, language, or music, or visual ability), and then loose the plasticity ...

• Word Count: 2193
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Does our physical brain automatically give us nonphysical characteristics like feelings, thoughts, and desires or is there something else there, the mind, that interacts with our bodies and makes us feel, think, and desire? ... There are also a few objections to his theory that raise questions as to if it can be believed. I believe Descartes was a man truly ahead of his time and helped in the process of explaining the entities of human life no matter if anyone believes him or not. ... He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he say. ... He also ca...

• Word Count: 2227
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Three factors were critically important in this new intellectual ferment. ... Kant hoped that the call for self-education and critical thought would mean no disruption of the political order. ... There were radical thinkers during the late eighteenth century, such as the American revolutionary Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) and the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) who prepared to endorse an immediate political disruption of the traditional authority of monarchy, aristocracy, fathers, and churchmen. Whether radical or moderate, the philosophes were united by certain key ideas. ... No...

• Word Count: 862
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The producer suggested that without Paul, the band would no longer be the popular loved band it had once been. ... The first movie I watched with small subliminal clips that were noticeable throughout the movie was, Fight Club. ... Lisa then sets out to speak with L. ... More so, the credibility and true effectiveness of the methods used within the episode were questionable. ... Specifically, there are audio, visual, and olfactory subliminal stimuli. ...

• Word Count: 1946
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There are an infinite number of ways an action can be performed. ... If the ball is perceived as larger then it affords the player more speed and accuracy. ... If a target is perceived as larger then it requires less accuracy and the action can be performed more quickly. If a target is perceived as smaller then it requires more accuracy leading to the action being performed more slowly. ... The word 'kick' is associated with movement of the leg and the area of the motor cortex which is responsible for the movement of the leg to kick something is seen as activated on FMRI scans whe...

• Word Count: 1960
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Two of these early philosophers were Parmenides and Heraclitus. Both gave contributions from their thoughts on natural philosophy, however, their assumptions were completely opposite from one another. ... When Heraclitus spoke of God, he didn't mean the Greek gods nor a personal entity, instead he thought that God (reason) is living in every soul and even in every thing on Earth (the fire then, becomes the expression of "God" in everything). ... There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. ... If it is moved, it must move into an empty space, and empty space is nothing a...

• Word Count: 681
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

DesCartes would muse that there was no absolute way to irrefutably deny that there was an evil demon in him somehow convincing him that there was(half full) bottle on a table in front of him. He would conclude that if he could not be certain of that fundamental axiom, then he could never indisputably deny that he was being somehow perceptually deceived, therefore he could not be absolutely certain that there was actually a bottle on a table in front of him. ... So if you remove the Cartesian mental substance there is no explanation for relationship between two substances because there is only ...

• Word Count: 2303
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If it didn't have a cause then it would have had to produce itself, and that logic would mean that it had to exist before it existed. ... Instances, of which we have had no experience, must resemble those, of which we have had experience. ... "In all reasonings from experience, there is a step taken by the mind which is not supported by any argument or process of the understanding, there is no danger that these reasonings, on which almost all knowledge depends, will ever be affected by such a discovery" (163-4). ... "When we think of a golden mountain, we only join two consistent ideas, g...

• Word Count: 2064
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There are new challenges that society confronts psychologists. ... Plato, Darwin, Freud were the builders of the great scientific ideas. ... There is the era of the collision of incompatible theories. ... There is a version that in psychology there are several paradigms, but this does not meet the definition of the concept of "paradigm". ... So there was the original idea of ​​the soul. ...

• Word Count: 4386
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

One has to bear in mind that at the time computers were rather primitive. Since then it exists an ongoing debate about the timing of the selection of information, that is, whether it happens at an early or late stage before processing. ... In a dichotic listening task participants were tested on how they responded to different messages on left and right ear that were being played simultaneously. ... In this model, no signal is filtered out, but all are processed to the point of activating their stored representations in memory. ... In contrast, the hallucinating patients showed no ear advanta...

• Word Count: 1996
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This could mean that the workplace will no longer be man's domain. ... To many people, it can be inferred, especially in a religious environment where abortion debates are still occurring, many may not see it as moral to create thinking minds; especially if those thinking minds were forced to perform duties humans do not want to do themselves. ... If a machine is able to think and act on its own, then it's no different from a human, a sentient being. ... If people fear a Frankenstein-like scenario, then their fear is that Artificial Intelligence will become out of control and will l...

• Word Count: 1342
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Emerson's moral doctrines could not sustain Thoreau for long," Worster concludes, "for they were aspiring branches that had no roots to support them. They were ideas that were not soiled enough." (4) Worster's figure of difference, complete with Thoreauvian pun--the spiritual airiness of Emerson's imagination can't compare to the fecal matter of Thoreau's ecological ideas--maps a path in the ecocritical reading of Thoreau by way of Emerson that remains prominent and, I would suggest at the outset, stands in need of revision. ... In its thoroughgoing and often messy e...

• Word Count: 9971
• Approx Pages: 40
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As such, philosophy provides one with no definite answer on any one aspect of human knowledge 1. ... What then is dualism? ... If he doubted then this could only mean that he is thinking. Because he thinks, then he is a thinking being. ... Since he has a mind that thinks then it follows that the mind could exist separately from the body. ...

• Word Count: 4771
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, there does exist a mindful process of selection and structuring of thoughts taking place, even if the writer is not fully aware of it. ... It is as if she were consciously holding herself back from the extreme outbursts of emotion in her writing that she experienced in her every day life. ... If this were true, it would make sense that James' writing reflects that she was consciously both the observer and the observed. ... It would have deprived me surely of those exquisite moments of mental flatulence which every now and then inflate the cerebral vacuum with a delicious sense ...

• Word Count: 2383
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate