Citizen Participation in American Politics Elections and Democracy Three Theories l Responsible party government » Elections should present a "real choice": - Political parties should stand for different policies, - The voters should choose between them, and - The winning party should carry out its mandate l Electoral reward and punishment » Voters simply make backward-looking judgments about how well incumbent officials have done » , Rewarding success with reelection and punishing failure l Electoral competition » Parties compete for votes by ...

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Virginia Plan On 29 May, Edmond Randolph and James Madison of Virginia offered the first proposal for a new government. ... Madison advocated a nine (9) year term for senators. ... A nine (9) year term was voted down though most delegates agreed with Madison's apprehensions about equality. ... The Federalists, proponents of strong national government, favoured the new Constitution. The Anti-federalists opposed it. ...

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