According to Adler et al. (2015), hearing is the physiological ability to perceive the presence of sounds in the environment, while listening occurs when the brain reconstructs these electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning. ... Rapid thought is when someone's mind wanders while the speaker is talking due to extra "mental spare time" as Adler et al. (2015) likes to call it. ... Task-oriented listening, according to Adler et al. (2015), is "designed to secure information necessary to get a job done". ...

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There may also be other contributors such as environmental factors that lead to Parkinson's when the substantia is damaged, and not just solely because of a decrease in dopamine (Nairne et al., 2001). ...

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Treisman et al presented a theory (with experiments to test their speculation) that said that only objects within 'focused attention' - which I take to be equivalent to the small cone of achievable detailed vision[1] - would be analysed first for 'correct perception' and that this analysis would then serve to 'fill-in' the understanding of the rest of the view in a top-down process. ...

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