1. Outcomes of the Civil War and Reconstruction
Literacy tests required voters to take and pass a test in order to be able to vote. Most freedmen did not know how to write and read and therefore could not pass the tests. ... The "grandfather clause" allowed a person whose grandfather had voted before 1867 to vote without having to pass a literacy test. Only whites had grandfathers who voted before 1867, therefore freedmen still had to take the literacy tests. ...
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