It ends when the parties agree to formal negotiations or when one party abandons the consideration of negotiation as an option.... Prior to the parties sitting down together, the mediators use positive diplomacy to reach an agreement. ... According to Gewurz, pre-negotiation plays a central role in helping the parties understand the needs, interest and expectations of each other to reach the negotiation table. ... Switzerland and the United States endeavoured to get the parties to reach an agreement through pre-negotiations that failed in 1984. Both the British and Argentine governments had ex...

• Word Count: 1177
• Approx Pages: 5

According to Bruce Hoffman's recently published Inside Terrorism, terrorism is "ineluctably political in aims and motives, violent or, equally important, threatens violence; designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond immediate victim of target, conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia); and perpetrated by a sub-national group or non-state entity". ... Abdullah Ocalan, leader of the Kurdistan Workers" Party, said that "terrorism could be defined as committ...

• Word Count: 1506
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Palestinians, however, rejected Britain's right to promise their country to a third party and feared dispossession by the Zionists. ... Various plans for solving the Palestine problem were rejected by one party or the other. ... But after arms shipments from Czechoslovakia reached Israel, its armed forces established superiority and conquered territories beyond the UN partition plan borders of the Jewish state. ... This is what I believe that we are trying to accomplish and yes I do believe that it will lead to a war where both parties end up losing. ...

• Word Count: 2486
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

I.R.A. and Protestant killings continued into the early 1900s, Britain began launching multi party- talks with the goal of forging a new assembly for northern Ireland and new relations between the north and Irish republic. ... Days of intensive negotiations in the spring and summer of 1999 but no agreement was reached. ...

• Word Count: 1125
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

The Conflict between Israel and Palestine We reached Tabor safely We never saw a human being on the whole journey." (2) In his book "Recollections of the East", Alphonse de Lamartine states that on his journey to the holy land in 1835, "Outside the gates of Jerusalem we saw no living object, heard no living sound-(2) The British Consul in Palestine in 1857 reported that "The country is in a considerable degree empty of inhabitants and therefore its greatest need is that of a body of population...

• Word Count: 2992
• Approx Pages: 12

ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCE I. Overview: As Kenneth Waltz put it, states operate in a "self-help" system in which threats to national security are omnipresent. Small states, in particular, have difficulties meeting challenges from powerful aggressors, since such states are by definition limited in their ability to build sizable and well-equipped military machines. A few small states reconcile themselves to "defensive nihilism," the abandonment of hope to establish an effective defense. A few others, such as Switzerland and Sweden, adopt postures of self-reliance, attempting to meet security ch...

• Word Count: 6784
• Approx Pages: 27
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Construction of the Palestinian Social Movement. In Order to remember I shall continue to carve All the scenes of my tragedy And all the stages of the disaster On the olive tree in the courtyard of my house. In order to understand the origin, development and current status of the contemporary movement for reconciliation within Israel, we must first take a look at the historical impact that Zion colonialism has had upon Israeli Arabs, or the Palestinians. While the terms colonialism and imperialism are familiar, the term Zion colonialism is argua...

• Word Count: 5817
• Approx Pages: 23
• Grade Level: Undergraduate