"The civil emancipation of the European Jewry, a process complicated by lingering anti-Jewish sentiment, evoked different reformulations of Judaism in western and eastern Europe. ... In eastern Europe, modernization of Judaism took the form of cultural and ethnic nationalism- It emphasized the national language and the creation of a modern secular literature and culture, thus aiding the development of the secular ideology of Zionism (the creation of a modern Jewish society in the ancient promised land). ...

• Word Count: 2082
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

Since its creation, it has been the partner of all government coalitions and traditionally occupied the Ministry of the Interior and Religion, which has been taken over by the oriental orthodox Shas since 1992. ... The party presents itself as an ultra orthodox religious party, but above all, as a Sephardic party. ... Agoudat Israel Leader: Menachem Porush This Ashkenazi ultra orthodox party was founded in 1912 in Kattowitz as the Palestinian branch of the Worldwide Organization of the Israeli Agoudat. ... In a wider sense, the term designates the Jewish communities of Cnetral and eastern Euro...

• Word Count: 5872
• Approx Pages: 23
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCE I. Overview: As Kenneth Waltz put it, states operate in a "self-help" system in which threats to national security are omnipresent. Small states, in particular, have difficulties meeting challenges from powerful aggressors, since such states are by definition limited in their ability to build sizable and well-equipped military machines. A few small states reconcile themselves to "defensive nihilism," the abandonment of hope to establish an effective defense. A few others, such as Switzerland and Sweden, adopt postures of self-reliance, attempting to meet security ch...

• Word Count: 6784
• Approx Pages: 27
• Grade Level: Undergraduate