Men such as Petrarch, Lorenzo Valla, Marsilius of Padua, and Juan Luis Vives did much to produce a more critical attitude toward the past. ... Critical methods in history were forwarded in the 16th and 17th cent. by the writings of Jean Bodin and Jean Mabillon, and great critical collections of sources were begun (e.g., the Acta sanctorum), while antiquaries everywhere discovered, questioned, and emended old texts. ... These two sciences were essential to the development, in the 19th cent., of critical objective history as an academic discipline. ... Macaulay in England, and Jules Michelet in ...

• Word Count: 9269
• Approx Pages: 37

The Enlightenment utopia once dreamed of by the French and similar thinkers seems to have never succeeded. ... Thus, his teleological (ends-based) philosophy is called a science of ends. Aristotle tried to reconcile Pericles and Plato (i.e., political action and philosophy) in one. ... Locke wanted to combine natural law and utilitarian philosophy. ... The ideas from the three aforementioned cultures (Greece, Rome and Great Britain) form a critical part of the philosophical basis of Enlightenment thought. ?...

• Word Count: 14382
• Approx Pages: 58

Critical Theories Deal with knowledge through interpretation to understand the meaning of human text and symbolic expressions including interpretation of texts themselves interpret other texts. ... We should put our prior knowledge aside and the focus should be on close analysis of text. ... Formalism Formalism is a school of literary and critical theory which mainly deals with structural purposes of a text. ... French Structuralism Structuralism has its origin in the thinking of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. ...

• Word Count: 3373
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

We must avoid, argued Jameson, adopting either of these essentially moralizing positions, and rather develop a more fully historical and dialectical analysis of the situation. ... It was this promise to historically situate postmodernism in relation to transformations in the capitalist system and the development of global multinational capital that, for many like myself who at once embraced aspects of postmodern theory whilst remaining critical of its often ambiguous political stance, was probably the single most significant aspect of Jameson's theory. ....

• Word Count: 4016
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Of course, not all earlier works present a positive portrayal of the Cultural Revolution, and not all later works are critical. ... These groups were not dealt with in detail as the essay represents (as best fits the constraints of this task) a general outline of major shifts in popular opinion, and not a detailed analysis of the entire historiography. ... Origins of the Cultural Revolution, which downplays any self-centred motivation on the part of Mao as the minor influence of "resentment" towards his overly ambitious colleagues, is an analysis of the Cultural Revolution typical of the ea...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. ... As Cavour once said, "We must be the partner of France in the great game that sooner or later must be played in Europe." ... While the Carbonari was now served little, but the "political immigration was the political hard school in which the political philosophy of Italian unification was gradually evolved." ... When France occupied Rome i...

• Word Count: 10644
• Approx Pages: 43
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In a Europe rich with competing ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, and socialism, he must have had a guiding political philosophy from which concrete policy would flow. ... Implicit in Taylor's analysis here is the notion that Biz sought to preserve his own power throughout his career. ... As the man responsible for domestic policy, how could Biz increase his power within Germany without a guiding political philosophy or party affiliation? ...

• Word Count: 10254
• Approx Pages: 41
• Grade Level: Undergraduate