Conceiving of the relation between negligence and criminality in this way enables Ripstein to plausibly characterize crimes as "torts with something added." ... (p.g.148) In my opinion I do not believe that negligence such as a discarded cigarette id the same thing as arson, but at the same time both of them are crimes, which need to be punishment. ... Thus, punishment is needed on Ripstein view, to vindicate the victim's rights. ... The reason being that "there in not wrong to right, and so the normal basic for punishment is absent. ... Others issues that are talk about in this book ...

• Word Count: 1856
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Austin: Positivist Identity of law: what makes the law the law Law (is) = Rules + (issued by a) Sovereignty. Rules = General Commands A command is an expression of a wish backed by a threat to inflict an evil (=sanction, like telling the child to get the toy is not a command unless it is backed b...

• Word Count: 7680
• Approx Pages: 31
• Grade Level: High School

This is consistent with the belief that crimes have to be punished regardless of the personal and public merits of the criminal. "No ordered republic would all the demerits of its citizens to be cancelled out by their merits; but, having prescribed rewards for a good deed and punishments for a bad on and having rewarded someone for doing well, if the same person afterwards does wrong, it punishes him, regardless of any of the good deeds he has done" . ... In consonance with the strict observance of the rule of law, Machiavelli stresses that the administration of justice and punishment must b...

• Word Count: 4508
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate