That battle just happened to have been led by his nephew, Count Roland. ... Between 1050 and 1300, close to fifty percent of the Rome ideal was taken over by the papal authority. More or less, the papal rules were not a success and caused major confrontations (Cantor, ed. 28-29). ... Like The Cid and Roland displayed nobility in its purest form, and the papal rules gave way to the church's hierarchic tradition, Francanism was the purest form of the middle class's conversation. ...

• Word Count: 1508
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

Furthermore, Pope Alexander VI wrote some of the most controversial papal bulls of all time like the Inter Caetera, which was a precursor to the Treaty of Tordesillas. ... Pope Alexander VI would even go on to create several controversial papal bulls, like the Inter Caetera, which was a precursor to the treaty of Tordesillas, "granted all land to the west and south of a pole line 100 leagues west and south of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands to the Spanish ". ... A second way that the Papal reign of Alexander VI led to the beginning of the Protestant reformation was throug...

• Word Count: 2887
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the article "Katherine of Aragon", it is stated "a papal dispensation was obtained, but the marriage was delayed by diplomatic wrangling between Henry VII and Ferdinand and did not take place until the prince had ascended (1509) the throne as Henry VIII". ... The English alliance with Katharine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, wavered and fell in 1525, and her political importance declined" ("Katherine of Aragon"). ... Catherine's politically position was also deteriorating when her nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor, had forfeited the alliance with England. ... "In 1...

• Word Count: 2390
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography

He also wanted to united the European monarchs under a papal banner. This would increase papal power all across Europe. ... The Crusaders were able to capture Damietta in Egypt however gave it back in a truce when the Crusader army surrendered to Saladin's nephew. ...

• Word Count: 1809
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

In 773 just two years after he was crowned king the Pope called upon Charlemagne to protect the Papal States from pagan barbarians. ... In any case this much is known, Ganelon was responsible, and the entire rear guard of Charlemagne's army was destroyed including his nephew and bravest warrior Roland. ... He defended the Papal States from the Moors on more than one occasion. ...

• Word Count: 1906
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

"What Henry wanted was a papal pronouncement that the dispensation of 1509 was in error, that the marriage to Catherine had been invalid from the beginning, and that the king was therefore in an unmarried state, free to take a wife whenever he chose"ii.That's the driven force and the beginning of the English Reformation. ... Charles was Catherine's nephew and, therefore the pope had to please Charles and refused to Henry's petition. ...

• Word Count: 1032
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

Introduction The Reformation was a movement initiated by Martin Luther in 1517 when he published his Ninety-Five Theses. This was a document opposing the sale of indulgences in the Catholic Church. As result, the preeminence of the Pope and the papacy was significantly diminished. As the Catholic C...

• Word Count: 1588
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

At the time, their were three strong claimants: Robert, Earl of Gloucester, Henry's illegitimate son, Stephen, Count of Blois, Henry's nephew, and Henry's only surviving legitimate child, Matilda. ...

• Word Count: 4692
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: High School

Sixtus IV (r. 1471-1484), for example, appointed 6 nephews and grandnephews to the College of Cardinals and appointed an 8-year-old boy as Archbishop of Lisbon. Leo X (the pope that excommunicated Martin Luther) appointed 6 cousins and nephews as cardinals" (Mackenney 1993: 4). ...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Papal bulls of the 1450s had declared that the Portuguese had rights to any lands "as far as the Indies,"[4] which actually gave Portugal the rights to the discovery of America. ... The fourth bull, the Dudum Siguidem, which was issued later on August 26, 1493, nullified any previous papal orders that had favored the Portuguese. ...

• Word Count: 5323
• Approx Pages: 21

INTRODUCTION COMPARITAVE SLAVERY; A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE SLAVERY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE IN ANCIENT EGYPT WITH THAT OF AFRICAN PEOPLES IN EUROPE AND THE NEW WORLD by Michael Frank A paper presented on a comparative study of the structure of the slavery of the Jewish people by the Egyptians...

• Word Count: 5821
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography

It is mentioned in Irish History that St. Patrick banished all the snakes from Ireland. This seems an impressive feat and we seem to be able to confirm it as fact as Ireland is indeed a country without snakes. However, the more realistic, and more mundane reason why there are no snakes in Ireland is because the country is an island surrounded by the sea. It was separated from the land mass of Europe around 6700 BC before snakes and other varieties of plant life were common in the country. ...

• Word Count: 10019
• Approx Pages: 40
• Grade Level: Undergraduate