This experiment was conducted to get a better understanding if a controlled reaction; in this case being fear, could be unlearned by just applying the stimulus without the control over many times. ... The researchers found that by presenting the stimulus to the mice over and over again without providing a shock, they were able to eliminate the fear. ... For humans, someone who has been badly bitten by an animal has probably developed a fear of it. To extinguish this fear, that person should be presented with well-behaving animals. ... The researchers also found that both short and long...

• Word Count: 417
• Approx Pages: 2

Pavlov decided that the food was an unconditioned stimulus, the salivation in response to the food was an unconditioned reflex,while the sound of the bell was the conditioned stimulus. Only the salivation to stimulus of the bell alone was the conditioned reflex. More than that, Pavlov found that the conditioned reflex was formed easier when the unconditioned stimulus followed the conditioned one;the conditioned reflex was formed easier, if the conditioned stimulus occurred very close in time to the unconditioned stimulus, if the bell louder, or if the dog was trained on larger pieces of meat t...

• Word Count: 563
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The parts of it are, unconditioned stimulus, which in this case is the dog food, the unconditioned response, is the slobber, the conditioned stimulus is the bell, and then the conditioned response will again be the slobber, the repeated pairings of this is called acquisition. ... Animal trainers also use classical conditioning. ... Also to create an association between a stimulus (conditioned) that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus (unconditioned) that would. Classical conditioning is very important to animal trainers, because it is difficult to supply an animal ...

• Word Count: 711
• Approx Pages: 3

Habituation is a simple form of learning in which the strength of a response to a certain stimulus becomes weaker with repeated presentation of that stimulus. ... Sensitization is a process by which the response to a stimulus increases with repeated presentation of that stimulus. ... All animals exhibit associative learning from snails to humans. Associative learning is a flexible learning mechanism used to help with adaptation to the environment and thus survival allows animals to learn predictive relationships. ... In classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus is presented first, and then...

• Word Count: 770
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There are many different kinds of ways that people and animals learn. ... The unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus, which consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic response. ... But through repeated association with the conditioned stimulus, triggers the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. ... The conditioned response occurs after the conditioned stimulus has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus. ... Observational learning occurs when a person or an animal uses observation of another's actions and their consequences to guide their own future action...

• Word Count: 1228
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For example, when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus which produces some involuntary bodily response all on its own the neutral stimulus begins to trigger a response by the organism similar to that produced by the unconditioned stimulus. In this way, the organism has "learned" that the neutral stimulus equals something good (just like the unconditioned stimulus). ... The neutral stimulus was the bell and when rang the dog started to salivate and then was fed. ... A more common example is the Skinner box, which was discovered by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, where an animal...

• Word Count: 344
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Unconditional stimulus is the example of the dogs food, unconditional response is the dog salivating. ... This study was about an infant who at plain site had no fear to fury white animals. ... When put together with the white fury animal for several trails little Albert was conditioned to automatically at plain site be afraid of white fury animals. ... Another component of operant conditioning is discriminative stimulus the specific stimulus in the presences of which a particular operant is more likely to be reinforced. ... Instinctive drift refers to the fact that an animal's natural ...

• Word Count: 833
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, he soon realised he could now measure animal intelligence with this equipment. His method was to set an animal the same task repeatedly, each time measuring the time it took to solve it. He was particularly interested in discovering whether his animals could learn tasks through imitation or observation. ... Watson found that once the animal was trained at running this "maze" it almost did it automatically. ... He essentially rejected Thorndike's law of effect stating all that was important was the frequency of occurrence of stimulus-response pairings. ...

• Word Count: 1367
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

This stimulus is paired, or presented together with, a neutral stimulus (the bell). ... Because the food powder produces the response before we have done any conditioning, we could say that it works on an "unconditioned" animal. ... It is always called the unconditioned stimulus. ... It will only work on a conditioned animal. Naturally, we call it the conditioned stimulus (CS). ...

• Word Count: 1162
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The model of classical conditioning introduced by Balkenius is anaylzed with varying sequential stimulus configurations. ... In other words, why is it that animal, height and water phobia are so very common when phobias of guns, knives and electrical outlets are unknown, even though the second group is the most likely to produce a traumatic outcome. ... In the extinction process, one must confront the fear without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. ... In counter conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is paired with a pleasant stimulus. ... Counter-conditioning is tra...

• Word Count: 826
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

In Utilitarianism and Animals, philosopher Gaverick Matheny argues how utilitarianism is a rational and ethical theory, how utilitarianism involves the regards of factory-farmed animals in consideration with the natural universe, and how humans' current treatment of factory-farmed animals is chastised by utilitarianism; therefore concluding that the consumption of factory-farmed produce is not ethically acceptable. ... So why do the regards of animals bear the same burden as those of humans? ... It is possible that nonhumans do not encounter the stimulus with the similar potency that a h...

• Word Count: 814
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

This hypothesis states that mentally disabled people have trouble processing all the different dimensions of a particular stimulus, rather than the inability to process information. In order for these people to overcome this, learning may be induced by first exposing them for long enough periods of time to cues of a stimulus, which in turn can elicit behavior that learning has taken place. Dolphin assisted therapy supports the fact that animals appear to increase attention; thereby it improves the human's cognitive process. ... The high frequency sound waves can act as a stimulus fo...

• Word Count: 2376
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Behaviorism is the study of animal and human conditioning. ... Stimulus discrimination can occur in my case. ... Extinction can only happen if my conditioned stimulus is taken away. ... However my old stimulus said nothing about playing the flute. My old stimulus says that if I play the violin I will stink. ...

• Word Count: 1995
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

Pavlov repeatedly presented a neutral stimulus, just before an unconditioned stimulus, triggered an unconditioned response. After several repetitions, the stimulus alone began triggering a conditioned response. ... In classical conditioning, animals learn when to expect an unconditioned stimulus. ... By making rewards contingent on desired behaviors, researchers and animal trainers gradually shape complex behaviors. ... Researchers have found striking evidence that animals cognitive abilities in solving problems and in using aspects of language. ...

• Word Count: 926
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

American psychologist John Watson, best known for his controversial experiments with an orphan named Albert, demonstrated that the acquisition of a phobia could be explained by classical conditioning, a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response.Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might s...

• Word Count: 791
• Approx Pages: 3

The bell is the neutral stimulus. Now that the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and neutral stimulus are all identified, it is time to pair the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. ... Then, later, the unconditioned stimulus can be withdrawn and the neutral stimulus evolves to become the conditioned stimulus. Now the conditioned stimulus or learned stimulus evokes a conditioned response, or learned response. ... Given Little Albert's experiment, if Watson were to present the white rat enough times without the loud noise, Albert's fear of the rat would go away...

• Word Count: 1743
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Behaviorism Behaviorism is the study of behavior in animals and humans. ... The Stimulus-Response theory of B.F. ... It includes the arrangement and timing of stimulus events. ... The best-known behaviorist research has involved experiment on animals in a laboratory setting. Behaviorists explore the effects of stimuli on animals in controlled situations.7. ...

• Word Count: 2074
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography

In Conditioning a behavior is learned by a person and or animal. This learning is a result of reinforcement or the association of an unconditioned (not learned) stimulus with a conditioned (learned) stimulus. ... Pavlov then entered a cue into the experiment in hope that he could get the dogs to salivate at the presence of a stimulus. Pavlov used a bell as a stimulus to make the dogs salivate at the sound of the bells ringing. ...

• Word Count: 610
• Approx Pages: 2

Unconditioned stimulus: A wet bed or diaper Unconditioned response: The child awakens Conditioned stimulus: Bladder tension/bladder full sensation Conditioned response: The child awakens 2. ... Unconditioned stimulus: Loud bell ringing due to wetness Unconditioned response: The child awakens Conditioned stimulus: Bladder tension/bladder full sensation Conditioned response: The child awakens 3. ... After Pavlov's discoveries, researchers began to recognize that some behaviors occurred because people (and animals) had "learned" that if they behaved in particular wa...

• Word Count: 1062
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

Animal behaviors are either instinctive or learned. ... With the stimulus of rain a frog dies, just as the rooster crows with the stimulus of dawn, and neither the frog nor the rooster had any choice in the matter, their behaviors were determined by the environment. ...

• Word Count: 468
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

INTRODUCTION: Animal Cruelty One of the touchiest aspects of our relationship with animals is the use of animals in laboratory sciences. ... ANIMAL LIBERATION. ... Upon recovery from an episode of convulsions and collapse, the dogs were uncoordinated, apparently blind, and any stimulus such as dropping a feeding pan, squirting water, or touching the animals initiated another convulsion. ... THE ANIMAL RIGHTS CRUSADE. ... ORDEAL OF THE ANIMALS. ...

• Word Count: 2243
• Approx Pages: 9

Seligman - with his theory of learned helplessness - normally any organism will learn to avoid pain, but after teaching an animal there was no escape there is no response. ... By pairing the anxiety producing stimulus with new behaviour the aim is to eliminate the previous reaction. ...

• Word Count: 985
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

F, Skinner's Operate Conditioning "In operant conditioning, people and animals learn to do certain things "and not to do others "because of the results of what they do- (Rathus, 135-136). ... An animal or person learns to do something because of its effects or consequences that occur. ... Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again. ...

• Word Count: 314
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: High School